雅思閱讀文章通讀方法講解 ,全文閱讀有必要。小編給大家?guī)砹搜潘奸喿x文章通讀方法講解，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
雅思閱讀文章通讀方法講解 全文閱讀有必要
雅思閱讀文章通讀方法之瀏覽文章的必要性
瀏覽文章是雅思閱讀的必備策略。做題時，通常先閱讀題目，然后通過題目中的關(guān)鍵詞到文章中定位，最后找到答案。但是若遇到某些題型，單純依靠定位就不合時宜了，即使僥幸做對，那也是自欺欺人。
例如目前頗有大展其鼓之勢的段落細(xì)節(jié)配對題。簡而言之，此題型就是出題者給出一個細(xì)節(jié)，然后要求答題者找出細(xì)節(jié)所在的相應(yīng)段落。若用定位法，勢必整段逐行搜尋，耗時耗力，效率等同于通讀全文，更何況有時還未必能找到題干中的相同詞語，而是需要靠做題者自己去歸納。
例如“劍四”52頁30題題干“a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play”，在文章相關(guān)段落中很難甄別出上述信息。還有T/F/NG題中，雖然題目順序與原文答案出現(xiàn)順序一般保持一致，但也不能完全排除順序打亂的情況出現(xiàn)，例如“劍五”19頁8-13題。要做出這些題，那就非讀文章不可了。
雅思閱讀文章通讀方法之結(jié)構(gòu)閱讀法
那么雅思文章該怎么讀呢?首先，我們來看看雅思權(quán)威考官Vanessa Jakeman和Clare McDowell兩位專家是怎么說的：“When you go to university or college you may be overwhelmed by the amount of reading you are expected to do. You will have to do a lot of this reading on your own and you will need to be able to read discriminatingly. This means you will need to have the skills required to focus in on the information that is important to you and to skim through the information that isn’t.”按照他們的說法，雅思閱讀就是考察學(xué)生在讀長文章時篩選信息的能力，即read discriminately，知道哪些是重要信息必須細(xì)讀，哪些是無用的，可以忽略。
雅思考題的設(shè)計(jì)思路不僅是為了測試考生的語言水平，更在于幫助考生培養(yǎng)起一套適合英聯(lián)邦大學(xué)教學(xué)觀念的學(xué)習(xí)方法。
在英國念文科的同學(xué)都會有這樣一種共識，那就是一學(xué)期要看很多書，寫很多essay，有的同學(xué)雖然很刻苦，整日地泡在圖書館里做書蟲，但還是讀不完reading list中的必讀書。再對比周圍英國同學(xué)，他們不見得比我們刻苦，卻很能掉書袋，寫出的essay理論功底更深。
學(xué)習(xí)效率的高低正是由閱讀方法的差異造成的。中國學(xué)生從小接受英語精讀教學(xué)，咬文嚼字，看書喜歡一頁頁地細(xì)嚼慢咽。就個人閱讀習(xí)慣而言，這種讀法無可厚非，但若是做學(xué)問，這就不是正確的方法了。而英國學(xué)生讀書，總是先瀏覽目次、摘要等信息，然后閱讀索引，找尋需要的信息，所以他們一本書通常讀一天甚至于幾小時就夠了。同樣雅思的文章，也沒必要逐字逐句的讀，而是要了解作者行文時的構(gòu)思以及寫文章要達(dá)到的目的。如果做題前就能對文章的思路了如指掌，那就好比站在了作者的高度，定位時也就不會出現(xiàn)無的放矢的碰運(yùn)氣了。
有的同學(xué)也許會有這樣的疑問，雅思文章題材五花八門，行文艱深晦澀，要看懂都不容易，怎樣能在幾分鐘內(nèi)，梳理出作者的寫作思路呢?對于這個問題我們知道，雅思文章的學(xué)術(shù)性雖然決定了它的深度，但另一方面也決定了相對固定的文章結(jié)構(gòu)。
因?yàn)閷W(xué)術(shù)是嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)模谛问缴纤幸惶讎?yán)格的規(guī)范(the established academic caliber)。就學(xué)術(shù)范疇的文章而言，其觀點(diǎn)可以犀利獨(dú)到，但論證必須縝密，所以文章層次結(jié)構(gòu)相比起他體裁是穩(wěn)定的。換言之，學(xué)術(shù)文章有點(diǎn)八股文的味道。那么我們就可以利用這點(diǎn)迅速掌握文章結(jié)構(gòu)繼而掌握思路了。
文章的性質(zhì)決定了文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。在《劍橋雅思》的前言中，關(guān)于閱讀有這樣一段話: “The passages are on topics of general interest. At least one text contains detailed logical argument.” 據(jù)筆者觀察，所有雅思文章都可以分為兩大類：介紹性的學(xué)術(shù)說明文和論辯性的學(xué)術(shù)論文。
雅思閱讀模擬題：The Triumph of Unre
Part I
Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on
Reading Passage1 below.
The Triumph of Unreason?
A.
Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational
beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract
maximum benefit (or “utility”, in economist-speak) from any situation.
Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational.
But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the
emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.
B.
The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met
frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or
fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and
cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since
emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes,
evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for
utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery
has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?
C.
One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an
economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he
suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a
way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up
with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the
brain when it is deciding what to buy.
D.
In a study, the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to
buy a series of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television
show that were flashed on a computer screen one after another. In each round of
the task, the researchers first presented the product and then its price, with
each step lasting four seconds. In the final stage, which also lasted four
seconds, they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteers
were taking part in the experiment, the researchers scanned their brains using a
technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This measures
blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, as an indication of its
activity.
E.
The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at
different stages of the test. The nucleus accumbens was the most active part
when a product was being displayed. Moreover, the level of its activity
correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.
F.
When the price appeared, however, fMRI reported more activity in other
parts of the brain. Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular
cortex, a brain region linked to expectations of pain, monetary loss and the
viewing of upsetting pictures. The researchers also found greater activity in
this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.
G.
Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex, too. This part of
the brain is involved in rational calculation. In the experiment its activity
seemed to correlate with a volunteer's reaction to both product and price,
rather than to price alone. Thus, the sense of a good bargain evoked higher
activity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, and this often preceded a
decision to buy.
H.
People's shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy-backed on old
neural circuits evolved for anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards.
What Dr Loewenstein found interesting was the separation of the assessment of
the product (which seems to be associated with the nucleus accumbens) from the
assessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex), even though the
two are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex. His hypothesis is that rather
than weighing the present good against future alternatives, as orthodox
economics suggests happens, people actually balance the immediate pleasure of
the prospective possession of a product with the immediate pain of paying for
it.
I.
That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one useful
object is being traded for another (hard cash in modern time), the future
utility of what is being given up is embedded in the object being traded.
Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason. Buying on credit,
though, may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards, coupled with the
deferment of payment that they promise, may modulate the “con” side of the
calculation in favour of the “pro”.
J.
Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that
the three researchers are now designing. These will test whether people with
distinctly different spending behaviour, such as miserliness and extravagance,
experience different amounts of pain in response to prices. They will also
assess whether, in the same individuals, buying with credit cards eases the pain
compared with paying by cash. If they find that it does, then credit cards may
have to join the list of things such as fatty and sugary foods, and recreational
drugs, that subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable at the time
but can have a long and malign aftertaste.
雅思閱讀模擬題：Time to cool
Dec 13th 2006
From The Economist print edition
1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and
just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but
then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective
idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to
it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it.
This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when
refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling
buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration.
Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to
replace them.
2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like
batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and
they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of
tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for
example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be
used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the
inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriate
current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.
3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of
Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his
colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any
previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a
laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.
4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little
hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting
his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners.
The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.
5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long
time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number
of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced
doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in
number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical
operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is,
the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.
And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's
company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last
"single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.
6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation
and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃,
they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium
boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the
fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from
single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first
two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to
have the end of the road in sight.
7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the
thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity
from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike
paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.
8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in
which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying
vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In
practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus
less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr
Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions
in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit
on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri, of the
University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that
they can go inside the chip.
9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less
techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple
launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through
little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up
its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in
Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make
sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the
heat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of
microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.
The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.
