雅思閱讀背景知識(shí)

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雅思閱讀背景知識(shí)之鰹鳥(niǎo)

鰹鳥(niǎo)又叫結(jié)巴鳥(niǎo)，是一種大型的熱帶海鳥(niǎo)，鰹鳥(niǎo)遍布于世界各個(gè)海域。它是少數(shù)日益增多的鳥(niǎo)類之一，從20世紀(jì)以來(lái)，很可能已經(jīng)增加一倍以上。顯而易見(jiàn)的原因，在于人類減少捕殺這種海鳥(niǎo);直到十九世紀(jì)末，鰹鳥(niǎo)曾經(jīng)是人類的重要食物來(lái)源之一。

由于鰹鳥(niǎo)居住的地方非常擁擠，要在這么紛亂的鰹鳥(niǎo)群棲區(qū)維持秩序，避免成雙成對(duì)的鰹鳥(niǎo)發(fā)生糾紛，防止失散，于是導(dǎo)致極其復(fù)雜的炫耀行為。典型的求偶方式是：雄鳥(niǎo)與雌鳥(niǎo)面對(duì)面雙翼展開(kāi)，然后不停地?fù)u頭，用喙互相對(duì)擦，而且和許多其它種類的鳥(niǎo)一樣，喜歡遵循儀式，彼此用喙理毛。最后，在“雙宿雙飛”之前，兩只鳥(niǎo)一起昂首，喙指向天空，發(fā)出打鼾的聲音。

藍(lán)足鰹鳥(niǎo)的分布區(qū)由熱帶美洲伸延到加拉巴哥群島。從外表看來(lái)，褐色羽毛使它酷似其它種類未成長(zhǎng)的鰹鳥(niǎo)，不過(guò)由它兩只鮮明的藍(lán)足很容易加以辨認(rèn)。藍(lán)足鰹鳥(niǎo)雖然與其它鰹鳥(niǎo)一樣都在地上棲居，但也有一部分在樹(shù)上營(yíng)巢。寒冷地帶的雌鳥(niǎo)必須為幼鳥(niǎo)保暖;同樣地，熱帶地區(qū)的雌鳥(niǎo)就得為幼鳥(niǎo)遮蔭，避免日曬。

鰹鳥(niǎo)中有一個(gè)種類的鰹鳥(niǎo)長(zhǎng)著一雙藍(lán)色的腳蹼，這種藍(lán)腳鰹鳥(niǎo)分布在從美國(guó)南加利福尼亞到秘魯北面的太平洋地區(qū)。

藍(lán)腳鰹鳥(niǎo)不僅腳的顏色奇特，它的孵卵方式更有趣。他們不是像其他鳥(niǎo)兒那樣用身體來(lái)孵卵，而是用它們那對(duì)漂亮的大大的腳蹼護(hù)住卵，保持溫度，直到孵化出幼雛。

藍(lán)腳鰹鳥(niǎo)捕魚(yú)的本領(lǐng)非常高。它們?cè)谒?0米高的地方飛行，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)愛(ài)吃的魚(yú)，就收攏雙翅，頭朝下，像一顆流星濺入湛藍(lán)的大海。入水時(shí)產(chǎn)生的巨大聲響，能把水面以下1.5米處左右游動(dòng)的魚(yú)震暈，這時(shí)鰹鳥(niǎo)以迅雷不及掩耳之勢(shì)鉆入水里，用雙翅和帶有蹼的腳撥水，在水中快速游動(dòng)覓食。鰹鳥(niǎo)一咬住魚(yú)，便在水下把魚(yú)吞入腹中，然后浮出水面。為了抗擊強(qiáng)大的沖擊力，藍(lán)腳鰹鳥(niǎo)的頭變得非常堅(jiān)硬。

鰹鳥(niǎo)不怕人，所以很容易被人抓住，還因此得了一個(gè)不好聽(tīng)的名字——笨鳥(niǎo)。

雅思閱讀背景知識(shí)之英語(yǔ)名著簡(jiǎn)介

Literary enthusiasts yesterday published a list of 100 books， at least one of which will be found on every bookcase in Britain.

昨天，英國(guó)文學(xué)愛(ài)好者公布了一個(gè)100部必讀書(shū)籍清單，幾乎囊括了所有英國(guó)最為家喻戶曉的書(shū)籍。

The catalogue of classics includes a diverse mix of literary genres including everything from Harry Potter to Jane Eyre to the saucy novel Fifty Shades of Grey.

涉及的經(jīng)典各種體裁不等，包括系列小說(shuō)《哈利·波特》、經(jīng)典名著《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》等。

Other titles featured include Pride and Prejudice， Wuthering Heights and The Man Who Thought Different， the late Steve Jobs’ biography.

另外還有《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》《呼嘯山莊》，以及新近出版的喬布斯傳記《史蒂夫·喬布斯：那個(gè)非同凡“想”的人》。

弗蘭克·斯金納大衛(wèi)·威廉姆斯

Autobiographies from the likes of Frank Skinner， David Walliams， Miranda Hart and even Katie Price also feature on Britain’s bookshelves.

英國(guó)人的書(shū)架上常見(jiàn)的自傳書(shū)籍主要是來(lái)自喜劇演員弗蘭克·斯金納大衛(wèi)·威廉姆斯、米蘭達(dá)·哈特，甚至還有模特“波霸喬丹” 凱蒂·普萊斯。

The research was commissioned by Bookmarkyourlibrary.org.uk which trawled literary forums and websites to compile a list of books for people to select their favourites from.

此項(xiàng)調(diào)查由Bookmarkyourlibrary.org.uk網(wǎng)站組織舉行，在各大文學(xué)論壇與網(wǎng)站上展開(kāi)，整理羅列了大家的最愛(ài)書(shū)籍清單。

The book most people are likely to have gathering dust on the shelf is Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by JK Rowling， followed by The Hobbit.

人們最喜歡買回家放到書(shū)架上塵封的藏書(shū)是JK·羅琳的《哈利波特與火焰杯》，其次是《霍比特人》。

Elisabeth Robinson， spokesperson for Bookmarkyourlibrary.org.uk said： ‘’Bearing in mind the first Harry Potter book was released just 15 years ago， it’s incredible that two of them are in the top ten books that appear on Briton’s bookshelves and it’s an incredible feat to beat classics like Great Expectations and Pride and Prejudice.”

該網(wǎng)站的發(fā)言人伊麗莎白·羅賓森說(shuō)：“記得第一部《哈利·波特》系列上市還是15年前的事了，真不敢相信該系列有兩部到現(xiàn)在還排在英國(guó)藏書(shū)的前十名，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了《遠(yuǎn)大前程》和《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》等經(jīng)典名著。”

The survey also revealed that more than one in ten said they would never read the same book twice and one in twenty said they throw books away.

調(diào)查還發(fā)現(xiàn)，超過(guò)1/10的人表示同一本書(shū)不會(huì)讀兩遍，1/20的人則干脆讀完就扔了。

And over half of Brits leave books to gather dust on their shelves， 16 per cent would take them to a charity shop and 15 pass finished books on to a friend when they have finished them.

近半成的英國(guó)人任由書(shū)籍在書(shū)架上落滿灰塵，16%的人會(huì)把書(shū)捐給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)，15%的人則在讀完后轉(zhuǎn)送給朋友。

Elisabeth continued ‘Nobody likes to see a good book go to waste and libraries have been Britain’s bookshelves for centuries giving people access to the greatest reads of all time without them gathering dust.”

伊麗莎白還說(shuō)：“大家都不希望好書(shū)受到冷落，而圖書(shū)館幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)一直是人們大量閱讀的便利場(chǎng)所。”It’s refreshing to see how varied the genres on the list are， going from classics like Little Women to Bradley Wiggins autobiography. It also goes to show that a good book， however old， will always find a new audience.’

“書(shū)單上的作品體裁各異，既有像《小婦人》這樣的經(jīng)典名著，也有自行車名將布拉德利·維金斯的自傳，真的很有意思。這也恰恰表明，經(jīng)典就是經(jīng)典，不論在哪個(gè)年代，總會(huì)受到人們的喜愛(ài)。”

‘No doubt literary aficionados will object to the likes of titles by Katie Price and Russell Brand appearing in the list， but our view is that as long as people are picking up books and reading that has to be a positive thing.

“當(dāng)然，也有文學(xué)愛(ài)好者反對(duì)將凱蒂·普萊斯和拉塞爾·布蘭德的書(shū)收入其中。不過(guò)我們認(rèn)為，只要有人愛(ài)讀，那就是件好事。”

‘Our aim is to drive people back in to Britain’s libraries whether they are reading chick-lit， science fiction or a celebrity autobiography.’

“我們的目的是鼓勵(lì)英國(guó)人重拾閱讀的習(xí)慣，不論是讀通俗言情、科幻小說(shuō)還是名人自傳，都很不錯(cuò)!”

The poll also found that more than one in ten Brits have lied about reading certain books. Of those a third said they pretend to have read certain titles to make themselves appear more intelligent than they actually are. And a quarter said they pretend to be more well-read than they actually are.

調(diào)查還發(fā)現(xiàn)，超過(guò)1/10的人謊稱自己讀過(guò)某些書(shū)。這些人中有1/3謊稱自己讀過(guò)某些作品，好讓自己聽(tīng)上去比較聰明好學(xué)。有1/4的人表示自己會(huì)假裝閱讀廣泛。

Of the 2000 adults polled 18 per cent said they regularly re-read books on their shelves， but 13 per cent said they hang on to books as they like seeing them lined up on the bookshelf.

參加調(diào)查的2000名成人中，18%表示自己經(jīng)常重翻書(shū)架上的藏書(shū)，而13%的人則表示自己藏書(shū)僅僅是因?yàn)橄矚g書(shū)籍滿滿當(dāng)當(dāng)列在書(shū)架上的樣子。

雅思閱讀背景知識(shí)之顏色代表的意義

1. RED:

(1)The president was treated to the redcarpet in Rome.

總統(tǒng)在羅馬受到了隆重的接待。

(2)It was a red-letter day in the history of Chinese revolution.

這是中國(guó)歷史上值得紀(jì)念的日子。

(3)A thief was caught red-handed in the act of breaking open alock.

一個(gè)竊賊在砸開(kāi)鎖時(shí)被當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓獲。

(4)You said that l am very good. ls my face red-

你說(shuō)我很好，真使我難為情了。

(5)When he started criticizing my work,l really saw red.

當(dāng)他批評(píng) 我的工作時(shí)，我就冒火、發(fā)脾氣。

(6)There is too much red-tape in obtaining an identity card.

領(lǐng)身份證的手續(xù)實(shí)在太繁瑣了。

(7)They had to sell the firm because for years they had operated it in the red.

因?yàn)榻?jīng)營(yíng)這家公司幾年來(lái)一直虧損，所以他們只好把它賣掉。

(8)We’ll soon be out of the red.

我們很快就會(huì)扭虧為盈。

(9)Every time he comes to New York,he wants to paint the town red.

每次來(lái)紐約，他都要痛飲一番。

2. GREEN:

(10)He is still green to his job.

他對(duì)其工作尚無(wú)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

(11)Do you see any green in my eye-

你認(rèn)為我幼稚可欺嗎-

(12)lf you want to be a successful gardener,of course you’ve gotto have green fingers.

假如你想當(dāng)個(gè)稱職的園工，那你就得有園藝技能。

(13)She is a green hand in teaching English.

在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，他還是個(gè)生手。

(14)Mother gave us the green light to go on the camping trip this summer.

媽媽準(zhǔn)許我們今年夏天去野營(yíng)一次。

(15)He has a green wound in the left breast.

他左胸上有一新傷口。

3. BLUE:

(16)He is proud of his blue blood.

他因出身名門貴族而驕傲。

(17)Things are looking extremely blue.

情況極其不妙。

(18)True blue will never stain.

真金不怕火煉。

(19)She ran and ran until she was blue in the face.

她跑啊跑啊，累得臉色發(fā)青精疲力竭。

(20)lt’s once in a blue moon that you get a chance like that.

你得到的是個(gè)千載難逢的機(jī)會(huì)。

(21)He can read like a blue streak.

他看書(shū)極快。

(22)The bad news came like a bolt out of the blue.

這消息來(lái)得如青天霹靂。

(23)John arrived out of the blue.

約翰突然來(lái)了。

(24)A rainy day always gives me the blues.

下雨天總是使我心情抑郁。

4. BROWN:

(25)The leaves browned slowly.

樹(shù)葉漸漸枯了。

(26)We are all of us done brown.

我們都上當(dāng)了。

(27)When she gives a dinner party,she always does it up brown.

她舉行宴會(huì)，總是辦得很出色。

(28)l’m browned off,sitting here all day with nothing to do.

我整 天坐在這兒沒(méi)事干，感到抑郁無(wú)聊。

(29)Aim at one bird, don’t blaze into the brown.

瞄準(zhǔn)一只打，不要射擊鳥(niǎo)群。

(30)l tried to attract his attention,but he was in a brown study.

我企圖吸引他的注意力可是他仍在沉思默想。

5. BLACK:

(31)The black dog is over him.

他意氣消沉。

(32)Tom is the black sheep of his family.

湯姆是個(gè)敗家子。

(33)Next time l see him, l’ll give him a black eye.

下次我見(jiàn)到他一定打他一頓。

雅思閱讀背景知識(shí)之筆譯和口譯

Interpretation and Interpreter

口譯和口譯員

A. Although the terms interpretation and translation are often used interchangeably, by strict definition, interpretation refers to the spoken language, and translation to the written language.

雖然口譯和翻譯這兩個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)經(jīng)常可以互換使用，但嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)，口譯是指口語(yǔ)，翻譯是指書(shū)面語(yǔ)言。

B. A competent translator should be very acquainted with the following points: A detailed knowledge of the subject matter is equally as important as academic knowledge of the language pairs, in certain cases (technical manuals for example) it plays a greater role. An ability to write well is also important. Proofreading and editing is a good way to break into the industry and the skills gained will help you later on; Although a degree may not be absolutely necessary, a qualification in translation is important; Practice the language! Take a language course or work towards a degree or whatever you feel is appropriate. Read newspapers in that language and keep abreast of the culture, listen to music and news from that country ff able to. Travel to the country as often as you are able to; No course of study will ever be 100% perfect. Only you can judge whether it is the right one to meet your needs; Those basic qualifications will help one get started but after that it is one's experience on the job and performance as a translator that counts; There are more opportunities for freelance translators than In-House; Attend local translation events and seminars. It will not only help one learn more about different subjects, it will also help one make contacts in the translation and interpreting field.

一個(gè)稱職的翻譯應(yīng)該非常熟悉以下幾點(diǎn):一個(gè)主題的詳細(xì)知識(shí)是同等重要的學(xué)術(shù)知識(shí)的語(yǔ)言對(duì)，在某些情況下(如技術(shù)手冊(cè))它發(fā)揮了更大的作用。良好的寫作能力也很重要。校對(duì)和編輯是進(jìn)入這個(gè)行業(yè)的一個(gè)好方法，所獲得的技能將幫助你以后;雖然學(xué)位并非絕對(duì)必要，但翻譯資格是重要的;練習(xí)語(yǔ)言!參加一門語(yǔ)言課程，或者努力獲得一個(gè)學(xué)位，或者做任何你認(rèn)為合適的事情。讀那種語(yǔ)言的報(bào)紙，了解那種文化，聽(tīng)來(lái)自那個(gè)國(guó)家的音樂(lè)和新聞。盡可能多地去鄉(xiāng)下旅行;沒(méi)有一門課程是百分百完美的。只有你才能判斷它是否適合你;這些基本素質(zhì)將有助于一個(gè)人的起步，但在此之后，重要的是一個(gè)人的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)和作為一名翻譯的表現(xiàn);自由譯者的機(jī)會(huì)比在公司內(nèi)部要多;參加當(dāng)?shù)氐姆g活動(dòng)和研討會(huì)。它不僅可以幫助人們更多地了解不同的主題，還可以幫助人們?cè)诜g和口譯領(lǐng)域建立聯(lián)系。

C. interpretation is generally categorized into consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation. The former refers to the circumstance where the interpreter waits until a complete statement has been spoken and then begins interpreting (so only one person is speaking at a time). It is used primarily to interpret witness testimony, a situation in which everyone in the courtroom needs to hear the interpretation. Simultaneous interpretation is generally considered inappropriate for witness testimony -- unless the courtroom is equipped with wireless equipment for that purpose -- because hearing two voices at once is too distracting.

口譯一般分為交替?zhèn)髯g和同聲傳譯。前者指的是口譯員等到完整的陳述陳述完畢后才開(kāi)始口譯的情況(一次只有一個(gè)人在發(fā)言)。它主要用于解釋證人的證詞，在這種情況下，法庭上的每個(gè)人都需要聽(tīng)解釋。同聲傳譯通常被認(rèn)為不適合于證人作證——除非法庭為此配備了無(wú)線設(shè)備——因?yàn)橥瑫r(shí)聽(tīng)到兩個(gè)聲音太讓人分心。

D. A court interpreter is anyone who interprets in a civil or criminal court proceeding ( e.g., arraignment, motion, pretrial conference, preliminary hearing, deposition, trial) for a witness or defendant who speaks or understands little or no English.

法庭口譯員是在民事或刑事法庭程序(如提審、動(dòng)議、審前會(huì)議、預(yù)審、作證、審判)中為英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得或聽(tīng)不懂英語(yǔ)的證人或被告進(jìn)行口譯的人。

E. Court interpreters must accurately interpret for individuals with a high level of education and an expansive vocabulary, as well as persons with very limited language skills without changing the language register of the speaker. For the other languages, the following self-study techniques are suggested: (1) expand your vocabulary, (2) develop your own glossaries, and (3) develop interpreting techniques, namely, consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation, and sight translation.

法庭口譯員必須在不改變講話者語(yǔ)言記錄的情況下，準(zhǔn)確地為受教育程度高、詞匯量大的人以及語(yǔ)言技能非常有限的人口譯。對(duì)于其他語(yǔ)言，建議采用下列自學(xué)技巧:(1)擴(kuò)大詞匯量;(2)發(fā)展自己的詞匯量;(3)發(fā)展口譯技巧，即:交替?zhèn)髯g、同聲傳譯和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)翻譯。

雅思閱讀背景知識(shí)之租房廣告的那些事

英文租房廣告常用語(yǔ)解析英文租房廣告常用語(yǔ)解析租房是一件頭痛的事，尤其是現(xiàn)在房子難租。如果你想練習(xí)英文，不妨考慮租老外的房子。不光可以把選擇范圍擴(kuò)大，還可以乘機(jī)了解東西方文化的差異。看西人報(bào)紙的租房廣告，新來(lái)的人往往被一大串縮寫搞得迷糊了。以下是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子，教你如何理解英文租房廣告。

FINCE-WARDEN, lrg 2br bsmt, new reno bright, lndry, eat-in kit, w-o balc, close to HSR/shops. No smoke/pets, +, 1st/last. 222-2222 - leave mess. FINCH-WARDEN這間房是位于或鄰近Finch和Warden街交界處。lrg 2br bsmt lrg=large，

2br=two bedrooms，bsmt=It is in a basement (below ground).這是地庫(kù)的兩房套間。(注意，兩房是指兩個(gè)睡房，洗手間，廚房，廳肯定是有的，所以不寫出來(lái)) new reno bright reno=renovation，最近才裝修過(guò)，很光亮lndry, eat-in kit, w-o balc lndry=laundry，指有洗衣機(jī)干衣機(jī)，eat-in kitchen指廚房大，可在廚房里放飯桌吃飯。w-o balc=walk out to a balcony，指有扇門打開(kāi)可通陽(yáng)臺(tái)。close to TTC/shops靠近公共交通，購(gòu)物商場(chǎng)No smoke/pets不接受吸煙或養(yǎng)寵物的租客+租金為一個(gè)月，外加水電煤氣。

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