51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor’s classroom duties.
51、即使是學(xué)術(shù)界被長時間認(rèn)作必須“同盟卡”的博士學(xué)位，現(xiàn)在也因為僅僅為了學(xué)習(xí)本身和知識的累積而學(xué)習(xí)，卻不把知識應(yīng)用到教授的教學(xué)職責(zé)中去而受到了嚴(yán)厲的批評。
52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.
52、盡管收集必要的信息對于兩者來說都是需要的，但官員必須以中立和清晰的態(tài)度來提供事實的畫面，而藝術(shù)家從已設(shè)字的信息或者態(tài)度開始，并將其過用激發(fā)讀者共鳴和情緒反應(yīng)的詞語描寫的動用細(xì)節(jié)描述出來。
53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.
53、流行期刊中甚至有文章批評國民生產(chǎn)總值，因為它并不是一個福利目錄，一方面忽視了它從來就沒有這種傾向，另一方面的建議是通過正確的改變它才能被轉(zhuǎn)化過來。
54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
54、其他的實驗揭示神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和連接的細(xì)微變化，但就神經(jīng)關(guān)聯(lián)而言，這些感覺區(qū)域的相似性比那些細(xì)微的區(qū)別更有意義可言。
55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.
55、中國向農(nóng)民和其它農(nóng)村住戶發(fā)放了宣傳刊物，指導(dǎo)他們觀察動物，以便每戶人家都能參與幫助地震預(yù)報。
56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.
56、星球大戰(zhàn)防御系統(tǒng)的支持者們希望它不僅能保護一個遭受核攻擊的國家，也希望它能成為使核攻擊永不發(fā)生的足夠威脅。
57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth’s atmosphere, from hitting their targets.
57、它也不能防止軌道在地球大氣層以內(nèi)的洲際導(dǎo)彈和轟炸機命中目標(biāo)。
58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.
58、人民活動家一直認(rèn)為黑人和拉丁美人難以在生意上立足的原因是因為他們難以取得大公司的大宗定單和分包合同。
59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.
59、她認(rèn)為十九世紀(jì)給家庭經(jīng)濟作出貢獻(xiàn)的孩子才“有用”的概念慢慢改變了，今天提到那些沒有掙取收入的“無用”孩子，甚至還要花銷很多，仍然在情感上被認(rèn)為是無價的。
60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.
60、這種關(guān)于孩子的觀點到19世紀(jì)時已在中上階級中建立，并于19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初在社會上廣泛傳播，當(dāng)時改革者們推行童工規(guī)定和義務(wù)教育法，部分來源于孩子的情感價值的假設(shè)，這都使得使用童工被禁止了。
51、即使是學(xué)術(shù)界被長時間認(rèn)作必須“同盟卡”的博士學(xué)位，現(xiàn)在也因為僅僅為了學(xué)習(xí)本身和知識的累積而學(xué)習(xí)，卻不把知識應(yīng)用到教授的教學(xué)職責(zé)中去而受到了嚴(yán)厲的批評。
52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.
52、盡管收集必要的信息對于兩者來說都是需要的，但官員必須以中立和清晰的態(tài)度來提供事實的畫面，而藝術(shù)家從已設(shè)字的信息或者態(tài)度開始，并將其過用激發(fā)讀者共鳴和情緒反應(yīng)的詞語描寫的動用細(xì)節(jié)描述出來。
53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.
53、流行期刊中甚至有文章批評國民生產(chǎn)總值，因為它并不是一個福利目錄，一方面忽視了它從來就沒有這種傾向，另一方面的建議是通過正確的改變它才能被轉(zhuǎn)化過來。
54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
54、其他的實驗揭示神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和連接的細(xì)微變化，但就神經(jīng)關(guān)聯(lián)而言，這些感覺區(qū)域的相似性比那些細(xì)微的區(qū)別更有意義可言。
55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.
55、中國向農(nóng)民和其它農(nóng)村住戶發(fā)放了宣傳刊物，指導(dǎo)他們觀察動物，以便每戶人家都能參與幫助地震預(yù)報。
56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.
56、星球大戰(zhàn)防御系統(tǒng)的支持者們希望它不僅能保護一個遭受核攻擊的國家，也希望它能成為使核攻擊永不發(fā)生的足夠威脅。
57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth’s atmosphere, from hitting their targets.
57、它也不能防止軌道在地球大氣層以內(nèi)的洲際導(dǎo)彈和轟炸機命中目標(biāo)。
58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.
58、人民活動家一直認(rèn)為黑人和拉丁美人難以在生意上立足的原因是因為他們難以取得大公司的大宗定單和分包合同。
59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.
59、她認(rèn)為十九世紀(jì)給家庭經(jīng)濟作出貢獻(xiàn)的孩子才“有用”的概念慢慢改變了，今天提到那些沒有掙取收入的“無用”孩子，甚至還要花銷很多，仍然在情感上被認(rèn)為是無價的。
60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.
60、這種關(guān)于孩子的觀點到19世紀(jì)時已在中上階級中建立，并于19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初在社會上廣泛傳播，當(dāng)時改革者們推行童工規(guī)定和義務(wù)教育法，部分來源于孩子的情感價值的假設(shè)，這都使得使用童工被禁止了。
