Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams話說夢的本質(zhì)
First listen and then answer the following question.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What is going on when a person experiences rapid eye-movements during sleep?
It is fairly clear that sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to e important. Speculations about is nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest. 'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down. The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active. In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.
很清楚，睡眠必然具有某種作用。睡眠占去那么多時(shí)間，所以其作用似乎還是很重要。人們對睡眠作用的種.種猜測，確實(shí)有數(shù)千年之久。一項(xiàng)使人對這個(gè)問題感到困 惑的奇怪的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不僅僅是為了使身體得到休息。“休息”，從使肌肉得到放松等方面來看，只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能達(dá)到。人體 組織在一定程度上有自我修補(bǔ)和自我恢復(fù)的能力，有張有弛地連續(xù)活動(dòng)時(shí)，其功能最佳。事實(shí)上，睡眠狀態(tài)下仍有著基本的活動(dòng)量，以防止肌肉活動(dòng)停止。
If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting? This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors. First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less. The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental. Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep. He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid. People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming. When woken at other times they reported no dreams. If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were no exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected. The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.
如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身體得到休息，那么也許是讓大腦得以休息？若不是下面兩點(diǎn)，這種假使似乎是有道理的。第一點(diǎn)，腦電圖記錄儀（不過是一種把電極接 到頭皮上記錄腦電活動(dòng)的儀器）顯示，人在睡眠時(shí)大腦活動(dòng)的方式有變化，但沒有跡象表明，其活動(dòng)總量有任何減少。第二點(diǎn)更有意思，也更重要。前些年，美國一 位精神病學(xué)者發(fā)表了一篇報(bào)告，報(bào)告中記錄了眼球在睡眠時(shí)的活動(dòng)情況。他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不時(shí)伴有一陣陣奇怪的眼球隊(duì)活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)有的飄忽而緩 慢，有的急劇而快速。在眼球活動(dòng)期間被叫醒的人都說自己在做夢；在其他期間叫醒他們，則說沒有做夢。如果有兩組人，一組人連續(xù)幾夜在眼球隊(duì)活動(dòng)時(shí)被叫醒； 另一組人也是連續(xù)幾夜被叫醒，但是在眼球隊(duì)沒活動(dòng)時(shí)被叫醒的。結(jié)果，第一組人開始出現(xiàn)性格失常，而第二組人似乎沒受什么影響。這一切暗示我們：睡眠受到干 憂沒關(guān)系，而做夢受到干憂是有問題的。
New words and expressions 生詞和短語
speculation
n. 推測
literally
adv. 確實(shí)
odd
adj. 奇特的
tissue
n. 組織
plausible
adj. 似乎有理的
hypothesis
n. 假說
electroencephalograph
n. 腦電圖儀
electrode
n. 電極
scalp
n. 頭皮
psychiatrist
n. 精神病學(xué)家
punctuate
v. 不時(shí)介入
jerky
adj. 急動(dòng)的
disorder
n. 失調(diào)
implication
n. 表明
Notes on the text課文注釋
1 in terms of muscle relaxation and so on,從使肌肉得到放松等方面來看。in terms of, 從...方面看。
2 then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting？這是個(gè)陳述句的語序，但句尾加問好，表示說話人對這種觀點(diǎn)有把握但需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
3 were it not far two factors, 這是省略了 if 的條件句，可譯作“如果不是下面兩個(gè)因素的話”。
4 several night on end, 一連幾夜。
Lesson 19 課后練習(xí)和答案Exercises and Answer
