主題思想(the main idea)。也稱(chēng)作中心思想，是作者在文章中要表達(dá)的核心內(nèi)容，也是作者自始自終要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。能否抓住一篇文章的主題思想，體現(xiàn)了讀者總結(jié)、概括和歸納事物的能力。把握了主題思想也有助于對(duì)文中具體內(nèi)容的理解。因此，可以說(shuō)，找出主題思想是一項(xiàng)最重要的閱讀技能。
一、抓主題思想。我們首先要學(xué)會(huì)識(shí)別文章中那些最根本、最具有概括力的信息。這種信息應(yīng)能歸納和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。
例如：
directions: choose the most general word.
(a) chemist (b) physicist
(c) scientist (d) biologist
該問(wèn)題要求找出最有概括性的詞。(c) scientist 符合題意，因?yàn)樗薱hemist, physicist和biologist，而(a)，(b)和(d)都指某一具體學(xué)科的科學(xué)家，不能概括其它的詞。因此，scientist最有概括性。
例二：
directions: choose the most general sentence.
(a) the hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily.
(b) there are many reasons why guests feel at home at the glorictta bay inn.
(c) the coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board.
(d) there are a number of extra services at the glorictta bay inn including babysitting.
(a)，(c)，(d)都是從不同的側(cè)面說(shuō)明旅館的服務(wù)情況，相互間并無(wú)聯(lián)系。而(b)卻概括了(a)，(c)和(d)的共性的東西，即：為什么旅客住在這家旅館里有賓至如歸的感覺(jué)。因此，(b)符合題意。倘若在一段文章中包含了以上(a)，(b)，(c)，(d)幾條信息，那末，(b)就是該段中心思想。由于同樣的道理，如果在一篇文章中，作者分段敘述幾方面的內(nèi)容，那末，這些段落所圍繞和要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題就是該文的中心思想。
例三：
directions: choose the main idea of an article. (following are the topic sentences of an article.)
1) a mounting body of evidence suggests that fighting violence with violence rarely deters a crime in progress and greatly increases the chances of changing a robbery into a violent attack on the victim.
2) one report shows that at least 100 thousand handguns are stolen from private owners each year, the vast majority during burglaries...
3) moreover. a study of robberies in eight american cities states that in less than 4 percent of the crimes did the victim have the opportunity to use a weapon....
which of the following best reflects the main idea of the article?
(a) what happens to the victim of crime?
(b) is your family safe?
(c) should you arm yourself against crime?
第一段和第三段提到了victims(受害者)，第二段中提到了入室行竊，但是這三段說(shuō)明的共同問(wèn)題是人們是否應(yīng)擁有自己的武器來(lái)反對(duì)犯罪行為。因此只有選擇(c)才能概括這三段所共同說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題，也就是此文的中心思想。
二、主題思想應(yīng)能恰如其分地概括文中所闡述的內(nèi)容。面不能太窄，即：不足以概括全部?jī)?nèi)容；但是面也不能太寬，即：包含了文中沒(méi)有闡述的內(nèi)容。
例四：
directions: read the following passage and choose the best central thought
sugar history in the hawaiian islands is filled with pioneering. in sailing ship
days, hawaiian sugar growers were many months from sources of supplies and from markets. this isolation built up among the hawaiian growers an enduring spirit of cooperation. growers shared with one another improvements in production. without government aid of any sort, they built great irrigation projects. without government help, they set up their own research and experiment organization. pioneering together over the years, they have provided hawaii with its largest industry.
(a) in sailing days, hawaiian sugar growers were many months away from supplies and markets.
(b) hawaiian sugar growers built their great industry without government help.
(c) hawaiian sugar growers have set up their own research organization and have
shared improvements.
(d) by pioneering together, sugar growers have provided hawaii with its largest industry.
(a)，(b)和(c)項(xiàng)只是文中提到的各項(xiàng)具體內(nèi)容，作為主題思想面太窄了，只有(d)項(xiàng)才概括了全文要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題，因此，(d)是該文的主題思想。
要求抓主題思想的另一種形式是為短文選擇合適的標(biāo)題，因?yàn)槎涛牡臉?biāo)題常常也體現(xiàn)它所圍繞的主題或討論的中心。因此，為短文選擇標(biāo)題實(shí)際上也反映了對(duì)主題思想的掌握。
例五：
directions: read the following and choose the title that best expresses the ideas of the passage.
there is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. it is called the law of supply and demand. supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. demand represents the number of people who want those goods. if there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. on the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then the price rises. of course, manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.
(a) economic principles
(b) law of supply and demand
(c) more goods, lower prices
(d) fewer goods, higher prices
該問(wèn)題中，(a)泛指經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律，面過(guò)寬；(c)和(d)只是供需規(guī)則的二個(gè)單獨(dú)的方面不能包含全部，面太窄。正確的答案是(b)，因?yàn)檫@正是該短文自始至終談?wù)摰闹黝}。
例六：
directions: read the following passage and select the most appropriate title:
according to legend, the gods of the ancient greeks lived in the clouds on the top of mount olympus. zeus, the father of the gods, carried a bolt of lightning in his hand and ruled like an earthly king. apollo was the sun god and his beams were golden arrows; he shielded the flocks of sheep and the fields of grain. athena was the warrior goddess, standing in shining armor ready to protect the greek cities. there were other gods as well, all with familiar human characteristics, but these were the leading gods.
(a) the gods of the ancient greeks
(b) the legend of the sky god zeus
(c) beliefs of the ancient greeks
(d) religions of the past
該問(wèn)題中，(b)項(xiàng)只是文中提到的一項(xiàng)具體內(nèi)容，作為主題思想面太窄了。(c)和(d)項(xiàng)泛指，面太寬。只有(a)項(xiàng)才概括了全文要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題，是全文的主題。
三、一段文章的中心思想常常由主題句(topic sentence)表達(dá)。主題句常常位于段首或段尾處，間或出現(xiàn)在段落中間。同樣，一篇文章的中心思想也常常在開(kāi)始段或結(jié)尾段點(diǎn)出。因此在閱讀中，我們要特別注意文章的開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾。
例七：
english is clearly an international language. it is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. over 70 percent of the world's radio programs are in english
本段主題句為首句，其后的內(nèi)容均說(shuō)明首句。
例八：
some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. others prefer to be left to work on their own. still others like a democratic discussion type of class. no one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time
本段中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn)，它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。
例九：
for adults a cold is not that serious. however, this is not the case for children. cold symptoms in children may be signs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention.
本段主題句為第二句，因?yàn)樵趆owever后面才是作者真正的看法，并在本文中進(jìn)一步作了說(shuō)明。
然而，我們也常常發(fā)現(xiàn)，有的主題思想并非直接由一、二個(gè)句子表述，而是在文中間接暗示著。這就需要讀者根據(jù)文中細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行概括與歸納，找出主題思想。
例十：
it's no wonder that we have so many rejections for physical reasons in our selective service. since october of 1948, some six million young men have been examined for military duty. of these, more than a million were rejected as physically unfit for military service. to get two men today, the united states army must call seven men. of the five rejected three are turned down for physical reasons and two for mental problems. to get the 196 thousand additional men we needed for berlin, the government had to call up 750 thousand men. and the rejection rate is increasing each year. the reason for this problem is that we are under exercised as a nation. we look, instead of play. we ride, instead of walk. the way we live prevents us from being healthy.
本段中找不到某一句作為主題。根據(jù)文中的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納，可找出主題思想，即：“the military's rejection rate for physical reason is increasing because this nation's lack of exercise is leading to poor health.”
一、抓主題思想。我們首先要學(xué)會(huì)識(shí)別文章中那些最根本、最具有概括力的信息。這種信息應(yīng)能歸納和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。
例如：
directions: choose the most general word.
(a) chemist (b) physicist
(c) scientist (d) biologist
該問(wèn)題要求找出最有概括性的詞。(c) scientist 符合題意，因?yàn)樗薱hemist, physicist和biologist，而(a)，(b)和(d)都指某一具體學(xué)科的科學(xué)家，不能概括其它的詞。因此，scientist最有概括性。
例二：
directions: choose the most general sentence.
(a) the hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily.
(b) there are many reasons why guests feel at home at the glorictta bay inn.
(c) the coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board.
(d) there are a number of extra services at the glorictta bay inn including babysitting.
(a)，(c)，(d)都是從不同的側(cè)面說(shuō)明旅館的服務(wù)情況，相互間并無(wú)聯(lián)系。而(b)卻概括了(a)，(c)和(d)的共性的東西，即：為什么旅客住在這家旅館里有賓至如歸的感覺(jué)。因此，(b)符合題意。倘若在一段文章中包含了以上(a)，(b)，(c)，(d)幾條信息，那末，(b)就是該段中心思想。由于同樣的道理，如果在一篇文章中，作者分段敘述幾方面的內(nèi)容，那末，這些段落所圍繞和要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題就是該文的中心思想。
例三：
directions: choose the main idea of an article. (following are the topic sentences of an article.)
1) a mounting body of evidence suggests that fighting violence with violence rarely deters a crime in progress and greatly increases the chances of changing a robbery into a violent attack on the victim.
2) one report shows that at least 100 thousand handguns are stolen from private owners each year, the vast majority during burglaries...
3) moreover. a study of robberies in eight american cities states that in less than 4 percent of the crimes did the victim have the opportunity to use a weapon....
which of the following best reflects the main idea of the article?
(a) what happens to the victim of crime?
(b) is your family safe?
(c) should you arm yourself against crime?
第一段和第三段提到了victims(受害者)，第二段中提到了入室行竊，但是這三段說(shuō)明的共同問(wèn)題是人們是否應(yīng)擁有自己的武器來(lái)反對(duì)犯罪行為。因此只有選擇(c)才能概括這三段所共同說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題，也就是此文的中心思想。
二、主題思想應(yīng)能恰如其分地概括文中所闡述的內(nèi)容。面不能太窄，即：不足以概括全部?jī)?nèi)容；但是面也不能太寬，即：包含了文中沒(méi)有闡述的內(nèi)容。
例四：
directions: read the following passage and choose the best central thought
sugar history in the hawaiian islands is filled with pioneering. in sailing ship
days, hawaiian sugar growers were many months from sources of supplies and from markets. this isolation built up among the hawaiian growers an enduring spirit of cooperation. growers shared with one another improvements in production. without government aid of any sort, they built great irrigation projects. without government help, they set up their own research and experiment organization. pioneering together over the years, they have provided hawaii with its largest industry.
(a) in sailing days, hawaiian sugar growers were many months away from supplies and markets.
(b) hawaiian sugar growers built their great industry without government help.
(c) hawaiian sugar growers have set up their own research organization and have
shared improvements.
(d) by pioneering together, sugar growers have provided hawaii with its largest industry.
(a)，(b)和(c)項(xiàng)只是文中提到的各項(xiàng)具體內(nèi)容，作為主題思想面太窄了，只有(d)項(xiàng)才概括了全文要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題，因此，(d)是該文的主題思想。
要求抓主題思想的另一種形式是為短文選擇合適的標(biāo)題，因?yàn)槎涛牡臉?biāo)題常常也體現(xiàn)它所圍繞的主題或討論的中心。因此，為短文選擇標(biāo)題實(shí)際上也反映了對(duì)主題思想的掌握。
例五：
directions: read the following and choose the title that best expresses the ideas of the passage.
there is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. it is called the law of supply and demand. supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. demand represents the number of people who want those goods. if there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. on the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then the price rises. of course, manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.
(a) economic principles
(b) law of supply and demand
(c) more goods, lower prices
(d) fewer goods, higher prices
該問(wèn)題中，(a)泛指經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律，面過(guò)寬；(c)和(d)只是供需規(guī)則的二個(gè)單獨(dú)的方面不能包含全部，面太窄。正確的答案是(b)，因?yàn)檫@正是該短文自始至終談?wù)摰闹黝}。
例六：
directions: read the following passage and select the most appropriate title:
according to legend, the gods of the ancient greeks lived in the clouds on the top of mount olympus. zeus, the father of the gods, carried a bolt of lightning in his hand and ruled like an earthly king. apollo was the sun god and his beams were golden arrows; he shielded the flocks of sheep and the fields of grain. athena was the warrior goddess, standing in shining armor ready to protect the greek cities. there were other gods as well, all with familiar human characteristics, but these were the leading gods.
(a) the gods of the ancient greeks
(b) the legend of the sky god zeus
(c) beliefs of the ancient greeks
(d) religions of the past
該問(wèn)題中，(b)項(xiàng)只是文中提到的一項(xiàng)具體內(nèi)容，作為主題思想面太窄了。(c)和(d)項(xiàng)泛指，面太寬。只有(a)項(xiàng)才概括了全文要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題，是全文的主題。
三、一段文章的中心思想常常由主題句(topic sentence)表達(dá)。主題句常常位于段首或段尾處，間或出現(xiàn)在段落中間。同樣，一篇文章的中心思想也常常在開(kāi)始段或結(jié)尾段點(diǎn)出。因此在閱讀中，我們要特別注意文章的開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾。
例七：
english is clearly an international language. it is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. over 70 percent of the world's radio programs are in english
本段主題句為首句，其后的內(nèi)容均說(shuō)明首句。
例八：
some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. others prefer to be left to work on their own. still others like a democratic discussion type of class. no one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time
本段中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn)，它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。
例九：
for adults a cold is not that serious. however, this is not the case for children. cold symptoms in children may be signs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention.
本段主題句為第二句，因?yàn)樵趆owever后面才是作者真正的看法，并在本文中進(jìn)一步作了說(shuō)明。
然而，我們也常常發(fā)現(xiàn)，有的主題思想并非直接由一、二個(gè)句子表述，而是在文中間接暗示著。這就需要讀者根據(jù)文中細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行概括與歸納，找出主題思想。
例十：
it's no wonder that we have so many rejections for physical reasons in our selective service. since october of 1948, some six million young men have been examined for military duty. of these, more than a million were rejected as physically unfit for military service. to get two men today, the united states army must call seven men. of the five rejected three are turned down for physical reasons and two for mental problems. to get the 196 thousand additional men we needed for berlin, the government had to call up 750 thousand men. and the rejection rate is increasing each year. the reason for this problem is that we are under exercised as a nation. we look, instead of play. we ride, instead of walk. the way we live prevents us from being healthy.
本段中找不到某一句作為主題。根據(jù)文中的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納，可找出主題思想，即：“the military's rejection rate for physical reason is increasing because this nation's lack of exercise is leading to poor health.”
